Law of universal gravitation

Sir Isaac Newton first deduced that the force responsible for making objects fall on Earth is the same force that keeps the Moon in orbit. Gravitational force exists between all objects that have mass. The strength of the gravitational force depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The strength of the force is called the law of universal gravitation.
(2.18) F=G m 1 m 2 r 2
F  = force (N)
G  = Grav. const. = 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2
m1  = mass of object #1 (kg)
m2  = mass of object #2 (kg)
r  = distance between centers (m)
Law of universal gravitation
Law of universal gravitation Equation 2.18 says that the attractive force between two masses (m1 and m2) is proportional to the mass of both objects multiplied together. If one object doubles in mass, then the force between the objects doubles. If both objects double in mass, then the force of gravity between them is multiplied by four. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the radial distance r between the masses. This means that increasing the distance by a factor of two decreases the force by (1/2)2 = 1/4.
The gravitational constant G in equation (2.18) has the value 6.67× 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2. The value of G is the same everywhere in the universe. Show Einstein's theory of general relativity
Gravitational forces always come in pairs, just like all other forces. If the action force is the force acting on m1 from m2, then the reaction force is the force acting on m2 from m1. Similarly, consider the weight of an apple in your hand. If the apple's weight is the action force, the reaction partner is the force of the apple pulling back on the Earth itself. The reaction partner to the apple's weight is NOT the normal (support) force from your hand holding up the apple!
The force of gravity between two objects is always directed along the line connecting their centers. As objects move, the force of gravity changes its direction to stay pointed along the line of those centers. Show me more! Gravitational force between person and an apple is much less than the gravitational force between the Earth an an apple
The attractive gravitational force between ordinary objects is tiny because gravity is a relatively weak force. It takes a planet-sized mass to create gravity strong enough to feel. The attraction between you and a 0.1 kilogram apple is 0.0000000004 N while the attraction between Earth and the apple is 0.98 N. Earth's force is larger because it has a mass of 5.98×1024 kg, compared to a person with a mass of 60 kg. Show Why do we say gravity is a <i>weak</i> force?
Calculate the force of attraction between the Earth (m = 5.98×1024 kg) and a giant alien mothership (m = 5.34×1015 kg) whose centers are 5,000 km away from each other.
  1. 8.51×1016 N
  2. 2.42×1016 N
  3. 1.28×1027 N
  4. 6.67×10−11 N
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